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Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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An analytical methodology can be divided into four sequential steps: technique, method, procedure, and protocol. A technique is a scientific principle that rationalizes a specific phenomenon through chemical measurements. Adapting a technique for analyzing a sample of interest is termed a method. The procedure outlines the directions for performing the analysis via an analytical method. The protocol is the detailed guidelines on the procedure, which should be strictly followed to obtain the...
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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Low-Cost, Volume-Controlled Dipstick Urinalysis for Home-Testing
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Is a pre-analytical process for urinalysis required?

Morgane Petit1, Jean-Louis Beaudeux1, Sandrine Majoux1

  • 1Service de biochimie générale, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.

Annales De Biologie Clinique
|September 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pre-analytical treatment of urine samples by adding acid or base is not necessary for measuring calcium, phosphate, and uric acid. This study found minimal differences in results before and after treatment, supporting its elimination for reliable clinical chemistry analysis.

Keywords:
acidificationalkalinisationpre-analytical treatmenturinalysisurine

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Urine Analysis
  • Pre-analytical Variables

Background:

  • Reliable urinary calcium, phosphate, and uric acid measurements depend on pre-analytical sample handling.
  • Laboratory addition of acid or base to dissolve precipitated solutes is a common but potentially unnecessary pre-analytical step.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity of pre-analytical acidification or alkalinization for urine samples.
  • To assess the impact of pre-analytical treatment on calcium, phosphate, and uric acid measurements using specific collection and analysis systems.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty hospitalized patient urine samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphate, and uric acid.
  • Samples were tested both before and after pre-analytical acidification (calcium, phosphate) or alkalinization (uric acid).
  • Results were compared against acceptable limits set by the French Society of Clinical Biology (SFBC).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences exceeding SFBC limits were observed for calcium and uric acid measurements.
  • Phosphate measurements showed only one sample exceeding acceptable limits, with a paradoxical decrease after acidification.
  • The pre-analytical treatment was deemed unnecessary for the tested analytes and methods.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-analytical acidification or alkalinization of urine samples is not a necessity for the reliable measurement of calcium, phosphate, and uric acid.
  • These findings align with previous studies suggesting the elimination of this pre-analytical step can streamline laboratory workflows.
  • The V-Monovette® system and Architect C16000 analyser do not require this specific pre-analytical urine treatment for accurate results.