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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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What is Cancer?

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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
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An Emergence Framework of Carcinogenesis.

Elizabeth A W Sigston1,2,3, Bryan R G Williams3,4

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

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|September 30, 2017
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Summary

A new emergence framework for carcinogenesis integrates existing cancer theories, including somatic mutation theory and tissue organization field theory, using systems biology concepts. This framework aids translational research and understanding of cancer progression.

Keywords:
carcinogenesischaosemergenceentropyfractalssystems biologythermodynamicstranslational research

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Area of Science:

  • Systems biology
  • Carcinogenesis research
  • Cancer theory integration

Background:

  • Traditional cancer models like somatic mutation theory (SMT) have limitations.
  • Alternative theories (e.g., TOFT, evolutionary, inflammatory) exist but are difficult to reconcile.
  • Biological systems require a 'systems' approach beyond physicochemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unified framework for carcinogenesis.
  • To integrate diverse cancer theories and concepts.
  • To facilitate translational research in oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of systems, emergence, thermodynamics, and chaos concepts.
  • Development of 12 principles for the 'emergence framework of carcinogenesis'.
  • Inclusion of non-linear mathematical equations for bioinformatics compatibility.

Main Results:

  • A single, integrated framework for carcinogenesis is presented.
  • Existing theories are reconciled as compatible mechanisms.
  • The framework supports 'benchtop to bedside' and 'bedside to benchtop' translational research.

Conclusions:

  • The 'emergence framework of carcinogenesis' unifies current paradigms and evidence.
  • It incorporates previously incompatible viewpoints on cancer.
  • Applicable to researchers, scientists, and clinicians for cancer research, treatment, and prevention.