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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
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MK2 balances inflammation and cell death.

Andrew Oberst1

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.

Nature Cell Biology
|September 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate immune responses but can cause cell death. MAP kinase substrate MK2 is crucial in regulating cell survival or death following TNF and TLR signalling.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of immune responses.
  • These signalling pathways activate inflammatory transcriptional programs.
  • However, TNF and TLR signalling can also induce programmed cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of MAP kinase substrate MK2 in cell fate determination.
  • To understand how MK2 influences cell survival or death in response to TNF and TLR signalling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular biology techniques to study MK2 function.
  • Investigated cellular responses to TNF and TLR stimulation in the presence and absence of MK2.

Main Results:

  • Identified MK2 as a critical regulator of cell death pathways.
  • Demonstrated that MK2 activity influences whether cells survive or undergo apoptosis upon TNF/TLR stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • MK2 plays a pivotal role in balancing inflammatory signalling and cell survival.
  • Targeting MK2 could offer new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.