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Scalp simulation - A novel approach to site-specific biomechanical modeling of the skin
N Pittar1, T Winter1, L Falland-Cheung1
1Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, 310 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
Objectives:
This study aimed to determine the hardness of the human scalp in vivo in order to identify an appropriate scalp simulant, from a range of commercially available silicone materials, for force impact assessment. Site-dependent variation in scalp hardness, and the applicability of contemporary skin simulants to the scalp were also considered.
Materials And Methods:
A Shore A-type durometer was used to collected hardness data from the scalps of 30 human participants (five males and five females in each of the three age categories: 18-30, 31-40, 41-50) and four commercially available silicones (light, medium, and heavy-bodied PVS, and duplication silicone). One-sample t-tests were used to compare the mean hardness of simulants to that of the scalp. Site-dependent variation in the hardness of the scalp was assessed using a mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA.
Results:
Mean human scalp hardness derived from participants was 20.6 Durometer Units (DU; SD = 3.4). Analysis revealed only the medium-bodied PVS to be an acceptable scalp simulant when compared to the mean hardness of the human scalp (p = 0.869). Scalp hardness varied significantly anteroposteriorly (with an observable linear trend, p < 0.001), but not mediolaterally (p = 0.271). Comparisons of simulants to site-specific variation in scalp hardness anteroposteriorly found the medium-bodied PVS to be only suitable in the central region of the scalp (p = 0.391). In contrast, the duplication silicone (p = 0.074) and light-bodied PVS (p = 0.147) were only comparable to the posterior region.
Conclusions:
Contemporary skin simulants fail to accurately represent the scalp in terms of hardness. There is strong support for the use of medium-bodied PVS as a scalp simulant. Human scalp hardness varies significantly anteroposteriorly, but not mediolaterally, corresponding to regional anatomical variation within the scalp. A number of materials were identified as potential simulants for different regions of the scalp when more site-specific simulant research is required.
