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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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Parallel Evolution of Chromatin Structure Underlying Metabolic Adaptation.

Jian Cheng1, Xiaoxian Guo2, Pengli Cai1

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Molecular Biology and Evolution
|September 30, 2017
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Parallel evolution in yeast species shows similar chromatin structure changes in gene promoters, suppressing mitochondrial function. This adaptation mechanism, driven by mutations, explains metabolic convergence despite millions of years of separation.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Parallel evolution describes the independent emergence of similar traits in distinct lineages.
  • Mechanisms like protein coding and gene transcription changes are known, but chromatin structure changes were uninvestigated.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Dekkera bruxellensis independently evolved aerobic fermentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate parallel changes in chromatin structure as a mechanism for parallel evolution.
  • To understand the molecular basis for the independent evolution of aerobic fermentation in yeast.
  • To identify if chromatin structure modifications contribute to metabolic convergence.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics and transcriptomics profiling.
  • Analysis of genome sequences, transcriptomic landscapes, and chromatin structures.
  • Investigated nucleosome occupancy in promoter regions of mitochondria-localized genes.

Main Results:

  • Identified parallel changes in nucleosome occupancy in promoter regions of mitochondria-localized genes.
  • Demonstrated concerted suppression of mitochondrial functions by glucose in both species.
  • Revealed similar mutational processes in gene promoter regions underlying chromatin changes.

Conclusions:

  • Parallel chromatin structure changes, specifically nucleosome occupancy, explain metabolic convergence in yeast.
  • This suggests chromatin structure modification is a significant adaptation mechanism in evolution.
  • The findings indicate a potentially general phenomenon contributing to parallel adaptation across diverse organisms.