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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Advances in cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates production.

Akhilesh Kumar Singh1, Nirupama Mallick2

  • 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus-226028, India.

FEMS Microbiology Letters
|September 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable plastics with desirable properties. While cyanobacteria can produce PHAs, their low yield hinders commercial use, necessitating advancements in cultivation and genetic engineering for improved production.

Keywords:
PHA productivityPHA synthasePHAsPHBTCA cyclecyanobacteriapolyhydroxyalkanoates

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Polymer Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) possess valuable properties like biodegradability and biocompatibility, making them alternatives to conventional plastics.
  • Cyanobacteria naturally accumulate PHAs, but their production efficiency is currently lower than heterotrophic bacteria, limiting commercial viability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of cyanobacteria for Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production.
  • To identify key challenges and suggest strategies for enhancing PHA accumulation in cyanobacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PHA biosynthesis in cyanobacteria.
  • Analysis of factors affecting PHA yield and productivity.
  • Exploration of genetic and cultivation strategies for improvement.

Main Results:

  • Cyanobacteria exhibit potential for PHA accumulation using various carbon sources under different growth conditions.
  • Current PHA yields and productivity in cyanobacteria are significantly lower than in heterotrophic bacteria.
  • Genetic regulators (SigE, Rre37) and the complete Krebs cycle are identified as crucial for future advancements.

Conclusions:

  • Cyanobacteria hold promise for sustainable PHA production, but significant improvements are needed.
  • Strategies include genetic modification, optimized cultivation, advanced bioreactors, and cost-effective carbon sources.
  • Further research into regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways is essential for unlocking cyanobacterial PHA potential.