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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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A drug interaction occurs when the concurrent use of another drug, food, or an external substance alters the pharmacological activity of a drug. This interaction can modify the action of the original drug, affecting its effectiveness and safety.Drug–food interactions are significant as they impact drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion. For example, grapefruit juice is a well-known disruptor of drug metabolism. It inhibits the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, crucial for the metabolism of...
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Interplay between circadian clock and viral infection.

Xiaodong Zhuang1, Srinivasa Bhargav Rambhatla2, Alvina G Lai3

  • 1Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. xiaodong.zhuang@ndm.ox.ac.uk.

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The body's internal clock (circadian rhythm) influences immune responses to viruses. Viruses can also manipulate this clock, offering new targets for antiviral therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Circadian rhythms regulate physiological processes and homeostasis.
  • Disrupted circadian rhythms are linked to diseases like metabolic disorders and cancer.
  • The circadian clock impacts both innate and adaptive immune functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how circadian rhythms affect viral infections.
  • To explore viral manipulation of host molecular clocks.
  • To identify novel antiviral targets and therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of circadian biology and virology.
  • Analysis of host-pathogen interactions.
  • Exploration of molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Circadian rhythms modulate host immune responses to viral pathogens.
  • Viruses have evolved mechanisms to hijack cellular circadian clocks.
  • This interaction impacts viral replication and pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding viral-clock interactions is crucial for antiviral strategies.
  • Targeting the circadian clock offers potential for novel antiviral therapies.
  • This research area holds promise for optimizing immune-based treatments.