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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

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When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
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Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

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As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
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Measurements of Strain01:27

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Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain...
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Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings
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Two-dimensional straightness measurement based on optical knife-edge sensing.

Chen Wang1, Fenghe Zhong2, Jonathan D Ellis2

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a simple, compact 2D optical knife-edge sensor for measuring straightness errors in linear stages. The new method offers higher sensitivity and vibration resistance for precision metrology.

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Area of Science:

  • Metrology and Measurement Science
  • Optical Sensing Technologies
  • Precision Engineering

Background:

  • Straightness error is a critical parasitic translation in linear stages, impacting multi-axis platforms.
  • Accurate measurement and compensation of straightness errors are essential for precision metrology, calibration, and manufacturing.
  • Existing methods may lack sensitivity or be susceptible to environmental factors like vibration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel two-dimensional (2D) straightness measurement configuration using 2D optical knife-edge sensing.
  • To develop a simple, lightweight, compact, and easily alignable system for measuring straightness errors.
  • To analyze the system's physical model, sensitivity, nonlinearity, and error sources through simulations and experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a 2D optical knife-edge to manipulate diffraction patterns.
  • Utilizing a quadrant photodetector to sense the manipulated diffraction pattern.
  • Deriving 2D straightness errors from photodetector output voltages post-calibration.
  • Conducting simulations and experiments to validate the configuration.

Main Results:

  • The proposed 2D optical knife-edge configuration demonstrates higher sensitivity compared to conventional methods.
  • The system exhibits insensitivity to beam vibration, a significant advantage for stable measurements.
  • Achieved a measurement accuracy of ±0.25 μm within a ±40 μm range over 40 mm axial motion.
  • The system is characterized by its simplicity, light weight, compactness, and ease of alignment.

Conclusions:

  • The 2D optical knife-edge sensing configuration provides an effective solution for measuring straightness errors in precision applications.
  • The developed system offers improved performance metrics, including enhanced sensitivity and vibration immunity.
  • This technology is suitable for applications requiring high-accuracy dimensional control in multi-axis systems.