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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
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In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then...
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Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

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Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions
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In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

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The SPES surface ionization source.

M Manzolaro1, F D'Agostini1, A Monetti1

  • 1INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell'Universita' 2, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study characterizes the surface ionization source for the Selective Production of Exotic Species (SPES) facility, evaluating its performance for radioactive ion beam production. Results detail ionization efficiency and emittance, crucial for experimental applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Accelerator Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ion sources and target systems are critical for radioactive ion beam facilities.
  • The Selective Production of Exotic Species (SPES) facility uses a proton beam on a uranium carbide target.
  • Radioactive isotopes are transported to a 1+ ion source for ionization and acceleration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the surface ionization source for the SPES facility.
  • To evaluate ionization efficiency and transversal emittance of the ion source.
  • To investigate the effects of long-term, high-temperature operation on the ion source.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ionization efficiency measurements.
  • Performed transversal emittance measurements.
  • Assessed performance after prolonged high-temperature operation.

Main Results:

  • Presented characterization data for the SPES surface ionization source.
  • Quantified ionization efficiency and transversal emittance.
  • Illustrated and discussed the impact of long-term high-temperature exposure.

Conclusions:

  • The surface ionization source's performance was characterized for SPES.
  • Ionization efficiency and emittance data are vital for radioactive ion beam quality.
  • Understanding long-term operational effects ensures reliable isotope separation.