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Smiles as Multipurpose Social Signals.

Jared Martin1, Magdalena Rychlowska2, Adrienne Wood1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.

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|October 2, 2017
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Summary

Human smiles serve distinct social functions: reward, affiliation, and dominance. These smile types, including laughter, are recognized across cultures, aiding social interactions.

Keywords:
behavioral reinforcementfacial expressionsocial bondingsocial functionalismsocial hierarchies

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Human smiles exhibit significant variability in form and social context.
  • A social-functional perspective categorizes smiles based on their impact on observers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and differentiate distinct smile expressions based on their social functions.
  • To explore the relationship between laughter and these identified smile functions.
  • To investigate the cross-cultural recognition of smile functions.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling was employed to analyze the physical characteristics of different smile types.
  • Human perception studies and Bayesian classification methods were used to validate smile distinctions.
  • Research explored the connection between laughter and the proposed social functions of smiles.

Main Results:

  • Three distinct smile expressions were identified: reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles.
  • Reward smiles reinforce behavior, affiliation smiles foster social bonds, and dominance smiles manage social hierarchy.
  • Laughter was found to be linked to reward, affiliation, and dominance functions, with cross-cultural recognition suggested.

Conclusions:

  • The human smile can be understood as a versatile social tool.
  • Smile functions are crucial for navigating social challenges and opportunities.
  • Cross-cultural evidence supports a universal understanding of smile functions in social living.