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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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Update on forebrain evolution: From neurogenesis to thermogenesis.

Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño1, Fernando García-Moreno2, Maria Antonietta Tosches3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|October 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This review explores vertebrate forebrain evolution, focusing on the subventricular zone (SVZ), intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs), and thermogenesis

Keywords:
AvianBrain sizeCerebral cortex developmentCerebral cortex evolutionIntermediate progenitor cellsMammalNeural circuits evolutionNeurogenesisRadial glial cellsReptileThermogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Comparative neurobiology
  • Vertebrate neurodevelopment

Background:

  • Understanding vertebrate forebrain evolution is crucial for deciphering brain complexity.
  • The subventricular zone (SVZ) and intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) are key to brain development.
  • Homologous brain regions across amniotes offer insights into conserved neural circuit evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging aspects of vertebrate forebrain evolution.
  • To highlight the evolutionary origins of the SVZ and IPCs.
  • To discuss the role of thermogenesis in brain size evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent comparative developmental studies.
  • Synthesis of data presented at the 8th European Conference on Comparative Neurobiology.
  • Comparative analysis of neural circuit origins in amniotes.

Main Results:

  • Emerging insights into the evolutionary origin of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs).
  • Identification of conserved neural circuits originating in homologous brain regions across amniotes.
  • Evidence suggesting a role for thermogenesis in the evolution of increased brain size.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative developmental studies are vital for understanding vertebrate forebrain evolution.
  • The SVZ, IPCs, conserved neural circuits, and thermogenesis are key areas for future research.
  • Further investigation into these aspects will enhance our understanding of brain evolution.