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Related Experiment Video

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Does front-loading taxation increase savings? Evidence from Roth 401(k) introductions.

John Beshears1,2, James J Choi2,3, David Laibson1,2

  • 1Harvard University, United States.

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|October 3, 2017
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Governments may not increase private savings by offering Roth 401(k) options. Despite tax benefits, employee contribution rates remained unchanged, suggesting behavioral factors influence savings decisions.

Keywords:
Partition dependenceRoth 401(k)Tax salience

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Public Finance
  • Retirement Savings

Background:

  • Traditional 401(k) plans offer tax-deductible contributions, with withdrawals taxed in retirement.
  • Roth 401(k) plans feature after-tax contributions, but qualified withdrawals are untaxed.
  • The study examines the impact of introducing Roth 401(k) options on private savings behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether governments can boost private savings through upfront taxation of retirement savings (Roth 401(k)s).
  • To analyze the effect of Roth 401(k) introduction on employee contribution rates and savings behavior.
  • To explore behavioral explanations for observed savings patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of administrative data from eleven companies that introduced Roth 401(k) options between 2006 and 2010.
  • Comparison of contribution rates for employees hired before and after Roth option introduction.
  • A survey experiment to test behavioral hypotheses.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in total 401(k) contribution rates was found after the introduction of Roth options.
  • This implies a decrease in take-home pay and an increase in retirement consumption purchased via 401(k)s.
  • Neoclassical economic explanations were insufficient to explain the null findings.

Conclusions:

  • Employee confusion regarding Roth tax properties and partition dependence are likely behavioral drivers.
  • Government incentives for retirement savings may be less effective than anticipated due to behavioral factors.
  • Further research into behavioral economics is needed to understand and influence retirement savings decisions.