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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity
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Editorial: Drug Delivery: Too Much Complexity, Not Enough Reproducibility?

Jean-Christophe Leroux1

  • 1Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Drug delivery research is expanding rapidly, but this growth isn't translating into better treatments. The focus on complex systems and lack of reproducibility hinders effective disease treatment with safe formulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Drug delivery research is rapidly expanding, with a significant increase in published reports.
  • However, this expansion has not been matched by corresponding advances in therapeutic applications.

Discussion:

  • The field appears to prioritize the reporting of complex drug delivery systems over the development of robust and safe formulations for effective disease treatment.
  • A critical issue identified is the lack of reproducibility in published drug delivery research findings, which impedes scientific progress.

Key Insights:

  • A disconnect exists between the volume of drug delivery research and its clinical impact.
  • The emphasis on system complexity may overshadow the goal of creating safe and effective therapeutic formulations.
  • Reproducibility challenges threaten the reliability and advancement of the drug delivery field.

Outlook:

  • There is a need to re-evaluate research priorities to focus on therapeutic efficacy and formulation safety.
  • Improving the reproducibility of experimental findings is crucial for validating and advancing drug delivery technologies.
  • Future efforts should aim to bridge the gap between complex system design and tangible clinical benefits.