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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.0K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
21.0K
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

16.3K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

48.9K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
48.9K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

19.7K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Hexagonal Molecular Tiling by Hexagonal Macrocycles at the Liquid/Solid Interface: Structural Effects on Packing

Kohei Iritani1, Motoki Ikeda1, Anna Yang2

  • 1Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.

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Researchers explored hexagonal tiling using macrocycles like phenylene-ethynylene and phenylene-butadiynylene. Side chain chemistry and concentration influence self-assembled monolayer structures, forming honeycomb and dense hexagonal arrangements.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are crucial for surface functionalization.
  • Macrocyclic compounds offer unique structural possibilities for SAMs.
  • Understanding the influence of molecular design on SAMs is key for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of hexagonal tiling using phenylene-ethynylene (PEM) and phenylene-butadiynylene (PBM) macrocycles.
  • To determine the impact of macrocyclic core size and side chain chemistry (alkyl ester vs. triethylene glycol ester) on self-assembled monolayer geometry.
  • To analyze the effect of solute concentration on the observed hexagonal packing structures.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene (PEM-C6, PEM-TEG) and phenylene-butadiynylene (PBM-C8, PBM-TEG) macrocycles with varying side chains.
  • Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to observe self-assembled monolayers at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/graphite interface.
  • Analysis of structural changes in response to variations in solute concentration and molecular structure.

Main Results:

  • PEM-C6 formed a honeycomb structure via van der Waals interactions, transitioning to a denser hexagonal structure at higher concentrations.
  • PBM-C8 exhibited a loose hexagonal structure II at low concentration and a dense hexagonal structure at high concentration, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
  • PEM-TEG and PBM-TEG exclusively formed dense hexagonal structures, irrespective of concentration, with TEG units not adsorbed on the surface.

Conclusions:

  • Macrocyclic core size and side chain properties significantly dictate the self-assembly behavior and resulting hexagonal tiling.
  • Solute concentration is a critical factor in controlling the packing density and geometry of the self-assembled monolayers.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in stabilizing dense hexagonal structures, while van der Waals forces govern less dense arrangements.