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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

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Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride

Published on: July 1, 2020

A flexible Ag/AgCl micro reference electrode based on a parylene tube structure.

Zhiguo Zhao¹, Hongen Tu¹, Eric Gr Kim^1,2

¹Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical

|October 4, 2017

Summary

Researchers developed a flexible micro reference electrode for miniaturized electrochemical sensors. This stable, long-lasting device integrates easily with other components for advanced sensing applications.

Keywords:

Iridium Oxide MEMS Parylene tube Reference electrode pH sensor

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Last Updated: Feb 21, 2026

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Microfabrication

Background:

Miniaturization of reference electrodes is crucial for micro-electrochemical sensors.
Existing designs face challenges in achieving stability and longevity.
Integration with other sensing components remains a significant hurdle.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a flexible micro reference electrode with an internal electrolyte reservoir.
To achieve a stable reference voltage with minimal drift over extended operation.
To demonstrate the electrode's compatibility with microfabrication for integrated sensing systems.

Main Methods:

Microfabrication of a parylene tube with an internal electrolyte reservoir.
Incorporation of a silver (Ag) wire with a silver chloride (AgCl) layer.
Use of potassium chloride (KCl) saturated agarose gel at the electrode's distal end.
Monolithic integration with an iridium oxide electrode to create a pH sensor.

Main Results:

The micro reference electrode exhibited a drift of less than 2 mV over 10 hours.
The device demonstrated a total operational time exceeding 100 hours.
A functional pH sensor was successfully fabricated by integrating the reference electrode with an iridium oxide electrode.

Conclusions:

The developed flexible micro reference electrode offers a stable and long-operational solution for miniaturized electrochemical sensing.
Its microfabrication compatibility enables the creation of truly integrated micro-electrochemical sensing systems.
This technology paves the way for advanced, compact analytical devices.