TiO₂ Photocatalysis-DESI-MS Rotating Array Platform for High-Throughput Investigation of Oxidation Reactions

We present a new high-throughput platform for studying titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalytic oxidation reactions by performing reactions on a TiO₂-coated surface, followed by direct analysis of oxidation products from the surface by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). For this purpose, we coated a round glass wafer with photocatalytically active anatase-phase TiO₂ using atomic layer deposition. Approximately 70 aqueous 1 μL samples can be injected onto the rim of the TiO₂-coated glass wafer, before the entire wafer is exposed to UV irradiation. After evaporation of water, the oxidation products can be directly analyzed from the sample spots by DESI-MS, using a commercial rotating sample platform. The method was shown to provide fast photocatalytic oxidation reactions and analysis with throughput of about four samples per minute. The feasibility of the method was examined for mimicking phase I metabolism reactions of amodiaquine, buspirone and verapamil. Their main photocatalytic reaction products were mostly similar to the products observed earlier in TiO₂ photocatalysis and in in vitro phase I metabolism assays performed using human liver microsomes.