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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Modeling Ascending Vaginal Infection, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Morbidity in Mice
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Immune function? A missing link in the gender disparity in preterm neonatal outcomes.

David N O'Driscoll1,2, Catherine M Greene3, Eleanor J Molloy1,2,4,5

  • 1a Neonatology , National Maternity Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
|October 4, 2017
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Summary

Male preterm neonates experience worse outcomes due to sex-specific immune differences. Understanding these biological sex disparities in immune function is crucial for improving care for all premature infants.

Keywords:
Disparitygenderimmuneimmunomodulationinflammationneonatenewbornoutcomepretermsex

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Immunology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Male neonates often have more severe disease courses and poorer prognoses than females.
  • Preterm neonates exhibit significant sex disparities in pathology, particularly near the limits of viability.
  • Intrinsic differences in immune function are suspected to underlie these sex biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore sex biases in preterm neonatal outcomes and their underlying multifactorial mechanisms.
  • To examine sex-specific factors influencing immune function in premature infants.
  • To consider novel findings in a clinical context.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of cellular responses and molecular intermediates in immune function.
  • Analysis of sex-specific factors including genetic and hormonal milieu.
  • Review of current clinical findings related to sex differences in preterm neonates.

Main Results:

  • Immune function is strongly dependent on sex-specific factors in premature birth.
  • Sex-specific immune responses contribute to differential disease manifestations and outcomes.
  • Preterm neonates' distinct immune systems increase vulnerability.

Conclusions:

  • Immune function plays a critical role in sex-specific disease manifestations and outcomes in preterm neonates.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can provide valuable translational and clinical insights.
  • Harnessing this knowledge may lead to improved therapeutic strategies for preterm infants.