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Updated: Feb 21, 2026
Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Analysis of Intraoperative Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Combined With Image Guidance for Lateral Lumbar Interbody
Xilin Liu1, Jacob R Joseph1, Brandon W Smith1
1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Background:
Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) is traditionally performed with biplanar fluoroscopy. Recent literature demonstrates that intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography combined with spinal navigation can be safely utilized for localization and cage placement in LLIF.
Objective:
To evaluate the accuracy and safety of cage placement using spinal navigation in LLIF, as well as to evaluate the radiation exposure to surgeon and staff during the procedure.
Methods:
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively acquired database of patients undergoing LLIF with image-based navigation performed from April 2014 to July 2016 at a single institution. The medical records were reviewed, and data on clinical outcomes, cage accuracy, complications, and radiation exposure were recorded. All patients underwent a minimum 30-d clinical follow-up to assess intraoperative and short-term complications associated with their LLIF.
Results:
Sixty-three patients comprising 117 spinal levels were included in the study. There were 36 (57.1%) female and 27 (42.9%) male patients. Mean age was 62.7 yr (range 24-79 yr). A mean 1.9 (range 1-4) levels per patient were treated. Cages were placed in the anterior or middle of 115 (98.3%) disc spaces. Image-guided cage trajectory was accurate in 116/117 levels (99.1%). In a subgroup analysis of 18 patients, mean fluoroscopy time was 11.7 ± 9.7 s per level. Sixteen (25.4%) patients experienced a complication related to approach.
Conclusion:
Use of intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography combined with spinal navigation for LLIF results in accurate and safe cage placement as well as significantly decreased surgeon and staff radiation exposure.
