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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

Circadian Entrainment of Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: June 3, 2020

CLOCK stabilizes CYCLE to initiate clock function in Drosophila.

Tianxin Liu^1,2, Guruswamy Mahesh^1,2, Wangjie Yu^1,2

¹Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-3258.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|October 5, 2017

Summary

The Drosophila circadian clock requires CLOCK (CLK) to stabilize CYCLE (CYC) protein, enabling ectopic clock function. CLOCK, CYCLE, and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) expression are sufficient to initiate circadian rhythms in naive cells.

Keywords:

CYCLE Drosophila circadian clock cryptochrome protein stability

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Area of Science:

Chronobiology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

The Drosophila circadian clock relies on transcriptional feedback loops initiated by CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) heterodimers.
Circadian clocks are typically found in specific neurons and peripheral tissues, but can be induced in other cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanisms governing the initiation of circadian clock function in Drosophila.
To determine the genetic requirements for inducing ectopic circadian clocks in non-canonical clock cells.

Main Methods:

Utilized cell culture and in vivo experiments in Drosophila.
Investigated protein-protein interactions and gene expression in nonclock cells.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that CLK binds to and stabilizes CYC protein in both cell culture and in vivo.
Showed that ectopic clocks require CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), essential for light entrainment and peripheral clock function.
Confirmed that CLK, CYC, and CRY expression is sufficient to drive clock function in naive cells.

Conclusions:

Established the genetic architecture for initiating Drosophila circadian clock function.
Revealed conserved mechanisms of circadian activator stability across eukaryotes.
Identified CLK, CYC, and CRY as sufficient components to establish circadian clocks in naive cells.