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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Isolation of Viral Replication Compartment-enriched Sub-nuclear Fractions from Adenovirus-infected Normal Human Cells
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Protoparvovirus Knocking at the Nuclear Door.

Elina Mäntylä1, Michael Kann2,3,4, Maija Vihinen-Ranta5

  • 1Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40500 Jyvaskyla, Finland. elina.h.mantyla@jyu.fi.

Viruses
|October 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Protoparvoviruses enter host cell nuclei using unique strategies, involving nuclear pore complex transport and capsid disassembly. This process is crucial for their single-stranded DNA genome replication and expression within the cell.

Keywords:
entryimportinsintracellular dynamicsnuclear envelopenuclear envelope break downnuclear importnuclear localization sequencenuclear pore complexprotoparvovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Protoparvoviruses replicate within the host cell nucleus, relying on cellular machinery.
  • Nuclear import of viral capsids is a critical step for viral replication and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the nuclear import strategies of protoparvoviruses.
  • To describe the dynamics of capsid movement within the cell.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on protoparvovirus nuclear import.
  • Analysis of capsid transport mechanisms, including endosomal escape and microtubule-mediated movement.
  • Discussion of interactions with nuclear pore complexes and nuclear import receptors.

Main Results:

  • Protoparvoviruses employ distinct strategies for nuclear entry, involving endosomal transport, escape, and microtubule-mediated movement.
  • Capsids are actively transported across nuclear pore complexes via specific import receptors.
  • Nuclear import can induce structural changes in the nuclear envelope, followed by capsid disassembly and genome chromatinization.

Conclusions:

  • Protoparvovirus nuclear import is a complex, multistep process involving active transport and interactions with cellular components.
  • Understanding these strategies provides insights into viral pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.