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Cells can detect chemical cues in their environment and reorganize the cytoskeleton to migrate toward them or away from them. This directional migration, called chemotaxis, is essential during embryogenesis and development, immune response, tissue repair and regeneration, and reproduction. These chemical cues can either attract or repel the cell's movement. For example, axon development is determined by a combination of chemoattractants and chemorepellents that direct the growing axon...
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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Rapid and Robust Analysis of Cellular and Molecular Polarization Induced by Chemokine Signaling
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Chemokines from a Structural Perspective.

Michelle C Miller1, Kevin H Mayo2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. mill0935@umn.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemokines, small cytokines regulating biological processes, interact with G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). This review explores CXC and CC chemokine structures, their interactions, and structure-based drug discovery.

Keywords:
NMRchemokineheterodimersinteractomestructure

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry and Structural Biology

Background:

  • Chemokines are critical cytokines involved in numerous biological processes like chemotaxis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis.
  • They exert their functions through interactions with cell surface G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs).
  • Their significant roles in health and disease make chemokines and their receptors attractive therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural characteristics of CXC and CC chemokine sub-families.
  • To discuss the functional synergy and heterodimer formation within the chemokine interactome.
  • To highlight recent advancements in structure-based drug discovery targeting chemokines.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of CXC and CC chemokines.
  • Review of literature on chemokine interactions and heterodimerization.
  • Examination of recent structure-based drug discovery efforts.

Main Results:

  • Chemokines exhibit conserved tertiary structures but varied quaternary structures across sub-families (CXC, CC, C, CX3C).
  • Conserved structures facilitate subunit swapping, leading to a complex
  • chemokine interactome.
  • Functional synergy and heterodimer formation are key aspects of chemokine interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding chemokine structural diversity and interactions is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • Structure-based drug discovery offers promising avenues for targeting chemokine-mediated pathologies.
  • Further research into the chemokine interactome can unveil novel therapeutic strategies.