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Related Concept Videos

Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Pan-myeloid Differentiation of Human Cord Blood Derived CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
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Sex Differences in Circulating Progenitor Cells.

Matthew L Topel1, Salim S Hayek1, Yi-An Ko2

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.

Journal of the American Heart Association
|October 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Women have lower circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (PCs) than men, with estrogen levels correlating with PC counts in women. This may contribute to increased cardiovascular events in aging women.

Keywords:
CD133CD34CXCR4estrogenprogenitor cellvascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

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Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors
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Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors
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Phenotypic Analysis and Isolation of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-committed Progenitors

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Lower circulating progenitor cells (PCs) indicate reduced regenerative capacity, linked to aging and vascular disease.
  • Sex differences and hormonal influences on PC numbers are debated.
  • Investigating these differences is crucial for understanding cardiovascular health disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine sex-based differences in circulating PCs in healthy individuals and those with coronary artery disease.
  • To examine the association between PC levels and sex hormone concentrations.
  • To explore the implications for cardiovascular health and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to quantify various PC subsets (CD34+, CD133+, CXCR4+, VEGFR2+) in 642 participants.
  • Circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol were measured.
  • Analyses were adjusted for age, cardiovascular risk factors, and body mass index.

Main Results:

  • Women exhibited significantly lower counts of CD34+, CD133+, and CXCR4+ PCs compared to men, even after adjustments.
  • Estradiol levels positively correlated with hematopoietic PCs in women, but testosterone showed no correlation in men.
  • Findings were consistent in a separate cohort of patients with coronary artery disease.

Conclusions:

  • Women possess lower circulating hematopoietic progenitor cell levels than men.
  • Estrogen is modestly associated with PC levels in women, suggesting a hormonal influence.
  • Reduced PC levels in women may partly explain increased cardiovascular event rates with aging and menopause.