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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Formation of Species01:31

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Law of Independent Assortment02:03

Law of Independent Assortment

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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Population assignment in autopolyploids.

D L Field1, L M Broadhurst2, C P Elliott3

  • 1Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.

Heredity
|October 5, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method for tracking gene flow in autopolyploids, improving population genetics and conservation efforts. The approach accurately assigns individuals to populations, even with low genetic divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Population Genetics
  • Conservation Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Gene dispersal patterns are crucial for population genetics and conservation.
  • Studies on gene dispersal in autopolyploids are limited due to complex inheritance and genotype ambiguity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel population assignment method for codominant markers in autotetraploids and autohexaploids.
  • To account for polysomic inheritance, unreduced gametes, and unknown allele dosage.
  • To enable parentage assignment using parental origin and genotype information.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a new population assignment approach for autopolyploids.
  • Simulated gene dispersal scenarios with varying population divergence (FST) and marker loci.
  • Compared the novel method's accuracy against Structure, incorporating known maternal information.

Main Results:

  • The novel method achieved high accuracy in population assignment, even with low population divergence (FST ~ 0.06) and few loci (12 microsatellites).
  • Utilizing known maternal information significantly increased assignment accuracy, irrespective of known allele dosage.
  • The method outperformed Structure at moderate to low population divergence levels.

Conclusions:

  • This novel approach fills a critical gap in analytical tools for autopolyploid species.
  • It facilitates the investigation of contemporary gene dispersal in a widely distributed group of organisms.
  • The method enhances population genetics research and conservation management for autopolyploids.