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RNA uridylation: a key posttranscriptional modification shaping the coding and noncoding transcriptome.

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RNA uridylation, the addition of uridines to RNA, is a widespread gene expression regulator across eukaryotes. This posttranscriptional modification impacts RNA fate, influencing decay, processing, and potentially translation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA uridylation is a significant posttranscriptional regulator found in diverse eukaryotes, affecting various RNA types including viral RNAs.
  • While absent in budding yeast, uridylation is observed in trypanosomes, animals, plants, and fungi, impacting RNA processing and stability.
  • The addition of uridines at the 3' end of RNA transcripts can profoundly influence their biological fate and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles and mechanisms of RNA uridylation as a gene expression regulator.
  • To highlight the impact of uridylation on noncoding RNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • To underscore the emerging understanding of uridylation's implications in RNA processing, turnover, and surveillance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on RNA uridylation.
  • Analysis of high-throughput sequencing data revealing mRNA uridylation.
  • Synthesis of findings on uridylation's effects on RNA maturation, degradation, and other regulatory processes.

Main Results:

  • Uridylation is crucial for the maturation of specific noncoding RNAs (e.g., U6, mitochondrial guide RNAs) and can alter miRNA precursor processing.
  • The primary known function of uridylation in both noncoding RNAs and mRNAs is to accelerate RNA decay.
  • Recent discoveries show widespread mRNA uridylation and suggest additional roles in deadenylation, translation control, and RNA storage.

Conclusions:

  • RNA uridylation is a versatile regulatory mechanism with diverse impacts on RNA metabolism across eukaryotes.
  • The full scope of RNA uridylation's functions, including its temporal and spatial implications, is still being uncovered.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex roles of RNA uridylation in gene expression regulation.