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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Nonclassical nucleation pathways in protein crystallization.

Fajun Zhang1

  • 1Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|October 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classical nucleation theory (CNT) describes fluid-to-solid transitions. Recent studies reveal nonclassical two-step nucleation mechanisms, particularly in protein crystallization, involving a metastable intermediate phase.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Classical nucleation theory (CNT) is a long-standing model for phase transitions.
  • CNT assumes a single-step nucleation process.
  • Recent evidence suggests nonclassical nucleation pathways exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review nonclassical nucleation pathways in protein crystallization.
  • To discuss the two-step nucleation mechanism in protein solutions.
  • To highlight protein solutions with multivalent salts as a model system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies
  • Analysis of computer simulations
  • Theoretical investigations of nucleation

Main Results:

  • Decoupling of order parameters leads to two-step nucleation.
  • A metastable intermediate phase (MIP) can form.
  • MIPs can be liquid, mesoscopic clusters, or pre-ordered states.

Conclusions:

  • Nonclassical nucleation is crucial for understanding protein crystallization.
  • Two-step nucleation models explain observed phenomena.
  • Proteins offer unique advantages for studying nucleation pathways.