Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

252
Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
252
Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction01:24

Role of Affect in Interpersonal Attraction

243
Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior...
243
The Influence of Affect on Cognition01:29

The Influence of Affect on Cognition

322
Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
322
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

3.0K
Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
3.0K
Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

1.9K
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
Physiological Arousal and Cognitive Labeling
According to this theory, when an individual experiences...
1.9K
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

2.4K
Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Brain Aging in Specific Phobia: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.

Human brain mapping·2026
Same author

Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences.

Nature·2026
Same author

Behavioral and Emotional Responding During Instrumental Learning in Children With ADHD: Reinforcement Schedule Effects.

Journal of attention disorders·2026
Same author

Reliving emotional memories: Episodic memory retrieval elicits affective psychophysiological responses.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2026
Same author

Past stories, future worries: sleep does not alter the emotional response to future-relevant or irrelevant negative memories.

Behaviour research and therapy·2026
Same author

Efficient screening and outcome assessment for borderline personality disorder: A psychometric evaluation of the uBPDc.

Comprehensive psychiatry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats
06:57

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.6K

Manipulating affective state influences conditioned appetitive responses.

Inna Arnaudova1,2, Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos1,3, Marieke Effting1

  • 1a Department of Clinical Psychology and Amsterdam Brain & Cognition , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.

Cognition & Emotion
|October 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative moods may increase addiction vulnerability by enhancing reward-seeking behaviors, contrary to emotional congruency theories. This study found negative affective states boosted approach tendencies toward reward predictors.

Keywords:
Appetitive learningapproach tendenciesattentional biasmoodreward

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats
08:07

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

Published on: August 24, 2016

9.7K
Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats
06:57

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Published on: February 4, 2016

11.6K
Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats
08:07

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

Published on: August 24, 2016

9.7K
Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.2K

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Affective states significantly influence information processing and behavior.
  • Emotional congruency theories predict preferential processing of negative information in negative moods.
  • This congruency is hypothesized to hinder appetitive learning and reward-guided behavior under negative mood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of induced negative affective states on appetitive Pavlovian learning.
  • To determine if negative moods obstruct or alter the learning of reward associations.
  • To examine the effects on approach tendencies, reward expectancies, craving, and consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involved inducing negative affective states via performance feedback.
  • Participants underwent appetitive Pavlovian learning, associating neutral stimuli with rewards (chocolate or alcohol).
  • Approach tendencies, expectancies, craving, and consumption were measured.

Main Results:

  • Participants exhibited enhanced approach tendencies towards reward predictors following negative feedback compared to positive feedback.
  • This enhanced approach was linked to reduced positive affect in one experiment.
  • No significant effects were found on conditioned reward expectancies, craving, or consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a counter-regulation model over emotional congruency effects in negative affective states.
  • Negative affective states may increase vulnerability to addiction by strengthening conditioned approach tendencies.
  • This suggests a potential mechanism linking negative mood to addictive behaviors.