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Related Concept Videos

Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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On the Relation between Chemical Oscillations and Self-Replication.

Erwan Bigan, Pierre Plateau1

  • 1École Polytechnique.

Artificial Life
|October 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular self-replication can occur with or without chemical oscillations. However, oscillations impose stricter division constraints, suggesting early protocells likely did not rely on them for replication.

Keywords:
Oscillating chemical reaction networkcellular divisioncellular shapeosmotic pressureself-replication

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of Life Studies
  • Biophysics
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Cellular self-replication is fundamental to life, with proposed mechanisms involving biochemical oscillations or simpler non-oscillatory processes.
  • Existing protocell models present diverse assumptions, complicating the determination of whether chemical oscillations are essential for self-replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare cellular self-replication with and without chemical oscillations within a unified whole-cell model.
  • To identify universal requirements and specific constraints for self-replication in both stationary and oscillatory protocell models.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a whole-cell model integrating a chemical reaction network (CRN) for constituent synthesis and membrane dynamics.
  • Utilized nonlinear differential equations to couple chemical concentrations and surface-area-to-volume ratio, analyzing asymptotic trajectories.
  • Determined cellular shape by minimizing membrane bending energy and investigated oscillatory CRN dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Cellular self-replication is achievable in both stationary (non-oscillatory) and oscillatory protocell models.
  • A minimum spontaneous membrane curvature is a universal requirement for cell division in both scenarios.
  • Oscillatory models introduce additional constraints: integer doubling time to oscillation period ratio and a maximum spontaneous curvature limit.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical oscillations are not strictly required for early cellular self-replication.
  • The stringent constraints of oscillatory replication suggest non-oscillatory mechanisms were likely favored initially.
  • Biochemical oscillations in modern cells may have evolved later for metabolic advantages, requiring additional feedback for robustness.