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Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
Published on: November 21, 2017
Samantha C Shapiro1,2, Fredrick M Wigley3,4
1Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA. sshapi28@jhmi.edu.
Raynaud phenomenon involves an exaggerated vascular reaction to cold or stress, causing digital color changes. When non-drug treatments fail, vasodilators are prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
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