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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Liquid tissue surrogates for X-ray and CT phantom studies.

Paul F FitzGerald1, Robert E Colborn1, Peter M Edic1

  • 1Imaging, GE Global Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309, USA.

Medical Physics
|October 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a simple method to create liquid tissue surrogates (LTS) that accurately mimic human soft tissue density and X-ray attenuation. These inexpensive LTS materials can accelerate the development of advanced CT imaging techniques.

Keywords:
CTX-raycomputed tomographyphantomstissue equivalents

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging Physics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Radiological Physics

Background:

  • Accurate simulation of human soft tissues is crucial for developing and validating advanced medical imaging techniques, particularly in computed tomography (CT).
  • Existing tissue-mimicking materials may lack the versatility or ease of production required for diverse experimental setups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To devise a straightforward method for producing liquid tissue surrogates (LTS) with accurate human soft tissue density and X-ray attenuation properties.
  • To enable rapid development and testing of novel CT imaging technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated hypothetical mixtures of common chemicals (water, glycerol, alcohols, salts) to emulate human tissues like adipose, liver, and pancreas.
  • Compared predicted densities, effective atomic numbers (Zeff), and CT attenuation (Hounsfield Units) with ICRU standards.
  • Physically produced LTS for adipose, liver, and pancreas, measuring polyenergetic CT attenuation on a clinical CT scanner across various kilovolt peak (kVp) settings.

Main Results:

  • Predicted and physically produced LTS demonstrated densities and CT attenuation values closely matching human tissues, with deviations generally within 1% for density and 10 HU for attenuation.
  • Formulations for adipose, liver, and pancreas tissues showed excellent agreement with ICRU data across multiple kVp settings (80-140 kVp).
  • The developed LTS materials exhibited accurate density (e.g., adipose: 0.947 g/mL, pancreas: 1.061 g/mL) and CT attenuation characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method allows for simple and rapid production of liquid tissue surrogates with accurate CT attenuation properties.
  • The use of inexpensive, readily available chemicals and the liquid state of LTS enhance their versatility for various phantom and experimental applications.
  • These liquid tissue surrogates hold significant potential for accelerating the development and validation of advanced CT imaging techniques and technologies.