Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.0K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
2.0K
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

2.6K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
2.6K
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

583
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
583
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

829
Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
829
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

1.6K
The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
1.6K
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

2.1K
Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Myelin antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells induce chronic CNS autoimmunity in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2026
Same author

Erythrocyte Fragility in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies to Differentiate Multiple Sclerosis From Other Neuroinflammatory Diseases.

JAMA neurology·2026
Same author

The functional role of glial cells in the pathologic brain as reviewed by Alois Alzheimer in 1910.

Molecular neurodegeneration·2026
Same author

Characteristic patterns of complement deposition in NMOSD, MOGAD, and MS.

Acta neuropathologica·2026
Same author

The dynamics of brain T cell populations during the course of rasmussen encephalitis: from expansion to exhaustion.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2025
Same journal

Preface.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Foreword.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Fundus autofluorescence imaging.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same journal

Modeling the human retina in a dish: Advances and future directions.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.9K

Immune-mediated disorders.

Romana Höftberger1, Hans Lassmann2

  • 1Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis are immune-mediated brain disorders. Autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens are pathogenic, leading to encephalitis responsive to immunotherapy.

Keywords:
CLIPPERSNMDAR antibodyRasmussen encephalitisSusac syndromeautoimmune encephalitisneuropathologyparaneoplastic neurologic syndrome

More Related Videos

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

4.7K
Detection of Anti-MDA5 Autoantibodies Using HeLa Cells and Immunocytochemistry with Light Microscopy
10:55

Detection of Anti-MDA5 Autoantibodies Using HeLa Cells and Immunocytochemistry with Light Microscopy

Published on: October 31, 2025

906

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.9K
Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

4.7K
Detection of Anti-MDA5 Autoantibodies Using HeLa Cells and Immunocytochemistry with Light Microscopy
10:55

Detection of Anti-MDA5 Autoantibodies Using HeLa Cells and Immunocytochemistry with Light Microscopy

Published on: October 31, 2025

906

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis are immune-mediated central nervous system disorders.
  • Classic paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes involve T-cell responses and autoantibodies against intracellular antigens.
  • Recent discoveries highlight autoimmune encephalitis associated with autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens, which are considered pathogenic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis based on immune mechanisms and antibody targets.
  • To review the neuropathological findings in various autoimmune central nervous system disorders.
  • To discuss the pathogenic role of autoantibodies in autoimmune encephalitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Analysis of neuropathological findings from biopsy and autopsy specimens.
  • Comparison of immune effector mechanisms and autoantibody targets.

Main Results:

  • Paraneoplastic syndromes are linked to T-cell responses and intracellular autoantibodies (epiphenomenal).
  • Autoimmune encephalitis involves pathogenic autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens, responding to immunotherapy.
  • Neuropathology in autoimmune encephalitis shows mild inflammation, microglial activation, and reduced antigen expression.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis associated with neuronal surface antibodies is a distinct entity requiring immunotherapy.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of conditions like Hashimoto encephalitis.
  • Understanding immune mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and treating these neurological disorders.