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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
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Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

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In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells
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CO Emission from an Impinging Non-Premixed Flame.

Y C Chien1, D Escofet-Martin1, D Dunn-Rankin1

  • 1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697. USA.

Combustion and Flame
|October 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from methane flames are linked to flame structure changes when interacting with surfaces. This study reveals how CO release strongly correlates with hydroxyl radical (OH) distribution in impinging flames.

Keywords:
CO PLIFCarbon monoxideDiffusion flameImpinging flameOH PLIF

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Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer
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Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

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Area of Science:

  • Combustion Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Carbon monoxide (CO) is a hazardous emission from incomplete hydrocarbon fuel oxidation.
  • Insufficient oxygen and cool surfaces promote CO formation in combustion systems.
  • Understanding CO release mechanisms is crucial for safety and process control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physico-thermo-chemical processes of CO release from methane/air flames impinging on a surface.
  • To correlate CO emission changes with flame structure variations.
  • To analyze the impact of burner-to-plate distance on CO formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) for OH and CO visualization.
  • Employed two-line OH PLIF thermometry for temperature measurements.
  • Analyzed flame structure, CO-rich regions, heat release zones, and oxidative zones.

Main Results:

  • CO emission strongly correlates with stagnating flow-driven changes in OH concentration.
  • Observed distinct spatial relationships between CO, OH, and heat release zones.
  • Flame structure and CO release are sensitive to burner-to-plate distance.

Conclusions:

  • Surface interaction significantly alters flame structure and CO emission characteristics.
  • Hydroxyl radical (OH) distribution is a key indicator for predicting CO release in impinging flames.
  • The findings provide insights into managing CO emissions in practical combustion devices.