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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Studying Diabetes Through the Eyes of a Fish: Microdissection, Visualization, and Analysis of the Adult tgfli:EGFP Zebrafish Retinal Vasculature
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Fighting Type-2 Diabetes: Present and Future Perspectives.

Cai-Guo Yu1, Ying Fu1, Yuan Fang1

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|October 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Newer anti-diabetic drugs like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors offer improved glycemic control and cardiovascular benefits. Stepwise intensification of therapy is key for managing type-2 diabetes effectively.

Keywords:
Type-2 diabetes mellitusglucose homeostasisinsulininsulin resistancepancreatic β cellsstem cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for the vast majority of diabetes cases.
  • Current treatments focus on insulin levels, glucose reduction, and insulin resistance, facing challenges in avoiding hypoglycemia.
  • Preventing vascular complications in diabetic patients remains a critical concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and clinical applications of anti-diabetic medications.
  • To evaluate the mechanisms, outcomes, and precautions of various drug classes.
  • To explore novel therapeutic strategies such as stem cell therapy for T2DM.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of anti-diabetic drug classes.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for efficacy and safety.
  • Examination of emerging therapies including stem cell applications.

Main Results:

  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, offering advantages over traditional stimulators.
  • DPP-4 inhibitors and Sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors provide distinct mechanisms for glycemic control and glucose excretion.
  • Emerging evidence suggests stem cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, may aid in beta-cell regeneration and treating diabetic limb/foot complications.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced therapies like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors represent significant progress in managing T2DM.
  • Personalized, stepwise intensification of dual and triple therapies is essential for achieving individual glycemic targets.
  • Further research into stem cell applications holds promise for regenerative approaches in diabetes treatment.