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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

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Body:Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Selenium fortification of infant formulas: does selenium form matter?

Bo Lönnerdal1, Eugenia Vargas-Fernández, Mark Whitacre

  • 1Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, USA. bllonnerdal@ucdavis.edu.

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Selenium is vital for infant health, influencing antioxidant defense and thyroid hormone production. Research is needed to confirm if selenium-enriched yeast in infant formula offers better absorption than inorganic forms.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Pediatric Health
  • Trace Element Metabolism

Background:

  • Selenium is an essential trace element crucial for infant development, supporting antioxidant functions and thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • Infant selenium status depends on maternal diet (breast-fed) or formula fortification (formula-fed).
  • Current US FDA guidelines recommend 2.0–7.0 μg selenium per 100 kcal in infant formulas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of selenium for infant health.
  • To evaluate different forms of selenium fortification in infant formula.
  • To identify research gaps regarding selenium bioavailability in infants.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of selenium's role in infant nutrition.
  • Analysis of current US FDA recommendations for infant formula selenium content.
  • Comparison of organic versus inorganic selenium forms for absorption and retention.

Main Results:

  • Organically bound selenium (selenomethionine, selenium-enriched yeast) shows better absorption and retention than inorganic forms (selenite, selenate).
  • Preliminary adult studies suggest selenium-enriched yeast may be superior to other organic forms.
  • Most infant formula studies have used inorganic selenium, highlighting a need for more research on organic forms.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium is essential for infant health, with organic forms potentially offering superior bioavailability.
  • Further research is required to ascertain the benefits and optimal use of selenium-enriched yeast in infant formula.
  • Understanding selenium bioavailability is critical for ensuring adequate infant nutrition and development.