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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Properties of Organometallic Compounds01:23

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Phase Change Transformations with Dynamically Addressable Aminal Metallogels.

Peter J Boul1, Peter D Jarowski2, Carl J Thaemlitz1

  • 1Aramco Research Center , Houston, Texas 77061, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic polymers break down into liquids when trivalent metals bind, then reform gels upon heating. This reversible transformation offers self-healing and triggered release functionalities in advanced materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Dynamic covalent chemistry enables the creation of adaptive materials.
  • Hemiaminal and aminal linkages offer reversible bond formation crucial for dynamic polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of trivalent metals on dynamic polymers with hemiaminal and aminal functionalities.
  • To explore the transformation between equilibrium and nonequilibrium states in polymer gels.
  • To characterize the self-healing and triggered release properties of these dynamic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of dynamic polymers utilizing hemiaminal and aminal linkages.
  • Rheological analysis to study gel-sol transitions and material properties.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to probe reaction intermediates.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand energetic landscapes.

Main Results:

  • Trivalent metals induce reversible fragmentation of dynamic polymers, transitioning gels to liquids.
  • Heating the liquid phase triggers catalytic conversion to closed-ring hexahydrotriazine products, forming new gels.
  • Controlled gelation times were achieved, dictated by system thermodynamics and kinetics.
  • The system demonstrated tunable properties, self-healing capabilities, and triggered release potential.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic polymers based on hemiaminal/aminal functionalities exhibit metal-responsive, thermally switchable behavior.
  • The interplay between equilibrium and nonequilibrium states allows for controlled material transformations.
  • This system provides a platform for developing advanced materials with self-healing and triggered release functionalities.