Abiotic and biotic drivers of aboveground biomass in semi-steppe rangelands

Rangelands play an important role in the biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functions. Yet, few studies have assessed the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on aboveground biomass across plant growth forms and at whole-community level in rangelands. Here, we hypothesized that aboveground biomass is driven by both biotic (plant coverage, species richness and evenness) and abiotic factors (soil textural properties and topographic factors) but biotic factors may best predict aboveground biomass, probably due to small spatial scale. To test this hypothesis, we performed multiple linear mixed model by including abiotic and biotic factors as fixed effects while sites aspects and plant community types across sites, and disturbance intensities as random effects, using data from 735 quadrats across 35 sites in semi-steppe rangelands in Iran. The optimal model for shrubs showed that aboveground biomass was positively related to plant coverage, species richness, elevation, sand, silt and clay. Aboveground biomass of forbs and grasses was positively related to plant coverage, species richness, elevation and slope. Whole-community aboveground biomass was positively related to plant coverage, species richness and elevation, but negatively to species evenness and slope. We conclude that higher aboveground biomass is related to high species richness and plant coverage, and located on high elevation and/or slope across plant growth forms while having medium-coarse-textured to fine-textured soils for adaptation of shrubs only. Few dominant species or niche overlap in whole-community may also drive high aboveground biomass, and located on high elevation with gentle slope. Therefore, we found support for both the niche complementarity and selection effects across plant growth forms and at whole-community. In addition, this study shows that plant coverage is the best proxy for aboveground biomass in the studied rangelands.