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CSF Aβ1-42, but not p-Tau181, differentiates aMCI from SCI.

Liara Rizzi1, Marcelle Maria Portal1, Carlos Eduardo Alves Batista1

  • 1Division of Geriatric Neurology, Service of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street 2.350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

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Summary

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) levels are significantly lower in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Lower Aβ1-42 levels increase the likelihood of an aMCI diagnosis, aiding in early detection for Alzheimer's disease risk.

Keywords:
AlzheimerAmyloidCSF BiomarkersMCITau

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Research
  • Cognitive Impairment Studies

Background:

  • Individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) face a heightened risk of progressing to Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Distinguishing aMCI from subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) is crucial for timely intervention and disease management.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers offer potential for early and accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare CSF levels of amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) and phosphorylated tau 181 (p-Tau181) between individuals with aMCI and SCI.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers in identifying aMCI.
  • To determine the odds ratio associated with specific biomarker levels for aMCI diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • CSF samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with aMCI (n=33) and SCI (n=12) at a memory clinic in Southern Brazil.
  • Aβ1-42 and p-Tau181 levels were quantified using immunoenzymatic assays.
  • Participants underwent neuropsychological testing, including the verbal memory test subscore of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (VM-CERAD).

Main Results:

  • CSF Aβ1-42 levels were significantly lower in the aMCI group compared to the SCI group (p=.007).
  • The p-Tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio was significantly higher in individuals with aMCI (p=.014), while isolated p-Tau181 levels did not show a significant association (p=.166).
  • Aβ1-42 levels below 823 pg/mL were associated with a 6.0-fold increased likelihood of aMCI diagnosis (68.9% accuracy), and a p-Tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio above 0.071 indicated a 4.6-fold increased odds (64.5% accuracy).

Conclusions:

  • CSF Aβ1-42 levels are significantly associated with aMCI, serving as a potential diagnostic biomarker.
  • The p-Tau181/Aβ1-42 ratio also shows diagnostic utility for aMCI, although Aβ1-42 alone demonstrated stronger predictive value.
  • These findings highlight the importance of CSF Aβ1-42 in the early detection and diagnosis of aMCI, aiding in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease risk.