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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
09:44

Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Published on: April 12, 2011

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Knee upside down.

Steven G J van der Aart1, Remko J A Sonnega1, Dirk-Jan Hofstee2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Noordwest Ziekenhuis Groep, Alkmaar, Netherlands.

BMJ Case Reports
|October 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A young woman

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Trauma care

Background:

  • Posteromedial tibial plateau fractures are rare knee injuries.
  • Combined injuries involving meniscus and ligamentous structures pose complex management challenges.

Observation:

  • A 19-year-old female sustained a posteromedial tibial plateau fracture, medial meniscus root tear, and posterior cruciate ligament rupture from hyperextension knee trauma.
  • The patient underwent surgical treatment including open reduction and internal fixation for the fracture.

Findings:

  • Anatomical reduction of the tibial plateau fracture was achieved with internal fixation.
  • Postoperative management involved unlimited flexion and limited weight-bearing.
  • At 3 months, the patient experienced minimal pain with weight-bearing and regained her full preoperative range of motion.
Keywords:
knee injuriesmeniscal tearsorthopaedic and trauma surgeryorthopaedics

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Implications:

  • This case highlights successful surgical management of complex tibial plateau fractures with associated meniscal and ligamentous injuries.
  • Early range of motion and progressive weight-bearing appear beneficial for functional recovery in such cases.
  • Optimal surgical techniques and postoperative protocols are crucial for restoring knee function after severe trauma.