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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
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Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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Overview
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence
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Chapter 7: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis.

Adrienne M Laury, Sarah K Wise

    American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
    |October 13, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a chronic sinus condition presenting with nasal polyps and fungal hypersensitivity. Research aims to clarify AFRS classification and pathophysiology, guiding treatment strategies.

    Area of Science:

    • Otolaryngology
    • Immunology
    • Mycology

    Background:

    • Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a distinct subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis.
    • It is characterized by nasal polyps, IgE-mediated fungal hypersensitivity, eosinophilic mucin, and positive fungal stains.
    • AFRS predominantly affects immunocompetent individuals, particularly in the southeastern and south-central United States.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the pathophysiology of Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis.
    • To address ongoing debates regarding the classification and prevalence of AFRS.
    • To enhance understanding of this complex sinonasal disease.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on AFRS pathophysiology and classification.
    • Analysis of clinical presentations, including symptoms like sinus pressure, hyposmia, and congestion.

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  • Evaluation of characteristic radiographic findings on computed tomography (CT) scans.

    • Main Results:

    • AFRS exhibits unique radiographic features, including unilateral heterogeneous sinus material with potential bony erosion and expansion.
    • The disease commonly presents with sinus pressure, reduced sense of smell (hyposmia), and nasal congestion.
    • Research highlights the need for further understanding of AFRS pathogenesis.

    Conclusions:

    • AFRS is a distinct clinical entity requiring further research into its classification and pathophysiology.
    • Current treatment involves a multimodal approach including surgery, irrigations, steroids, and immunotherapy.
    • Reducing fungal load and antigenic response is the primary therapeutic goal.