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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Coracoid Process Morphology using 3D-CT Imaging in a Malaysian Population.

I I Imma1, N M Nizlan1, A R Ezamin1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.

Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal
|October 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Malaysian coracoid process anatomy differs from Western populations, with smaller dimensions observed. This may increase the risk of coracoid fractures and implant issues in Malaysians.

Keywords:
Malaysian populationcoracoid anatomycoracoid dimensioncoracoid process

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic anatomy
  • Anthropometry
  • Medical imaging

Background:

  • Coracoid process anatomy is crucial for procedures like coraco-acromial ligament reconstruction and coracoid transfer.
  • Understanding population-specific anatomical variations is essential for surgical success and patient safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define coracoid process dimensions in a Malaysian population.
  • To assess bone availability for coracoid transfer.
  • To compare coracoid process size by gender, race, and with previous studies.

Main Methods:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scans of 15 Malaysian adult shoulder pairs (aged 20-60) were used to create 3D models.
  • Measurements of coracoid process length, base, and tip dimensions were taken.
  • Data were analyzed for gender and racial differences and compared to existing literature.

Main Results:

  • The average coracoid process length was 37.94 mm.
  • Males exhibited larger coracoid dimensions than females.
  • Malaysian coracoid dimensions were smaller than those reported in Western populations; no significant racial differences were found.

Conclusions:

  • Malaysians generally have smaller coracoid process dimensions compared to Caucasians.
  • These anatomical differences may correlate with a higher potential incidence of coracoid fractures and implant pull-out in Malaysian patients.