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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
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T Cell Receptor Profiling in Type 1 Diabetes.

Laura M Jacobsen1, Amanda Posgai2, Howard R Seay2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Current Diabetes Reports
|October 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) research now tracks autoreactive T cells using immunosequencing. This approach, analyzing T cell receptor (TCR) signatures, offers new potential for diagnosing and understanding T1D progression.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityAutoimmunityHuman immune repertoireImmunosequencingT cell receptorType 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Genetic factors, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, influence susceptibility and protection in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  • Autoreactive T cells are implicated in the β-cell destruction characteristic of T1D.
  • Previous methods for tracking autoreactive T cells lacked clinical utility, despite autoantibodies being useful disease markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on autoreactive T cell receptor (TCR) signatures in T1D.
  • To discuss emerging technologies for T cell analysis in T1D.
  • To explore challenges and opportunities in tracking TCR profiles throughout the natural history of T1D.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T cells isolated from pancreata and islets of T1D organ donors.
  • Immunosequencing of T cell receptor (TCR) α/β-chain complementarity determining regions.
  • Transcriptional profiling of T cells.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies characterize specific autoreactive TCR signatures in T1D.
  • Advances in tissue acquisition and sequencing technologies are enabling detailed T cell analysis.
  • TCR molecular profiling shows promise for biomarker discovery in T1D.

Conclusions:

  • Characterizing autoreactive T cell signatures is crucial for understanding T1D pathogenesis.
  • Emerging immunosequencing and transcriptional profiling technologies offer new avenues for T1D research.
  • Tracking TCR profiles presents opportunities for improved T1D biomarker discovery and disease monitoring.