Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
Published on: February 8, 2019
Confrontation naming in normally developing children: Word-retrieval or word knowledge?
1a Teachers College, Columbia University.
Abstract:
This study presents normative data on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) for 382 normally developing children as a framework for evaluating what the BNT measures: word-retrieval or vocabulary. A Revised Children's BNT is proposed based on item analyses of the 212 boys' responses. Some BNT items were part of the boys' vocabulary at all ages, some entered their working vocabulary with age, some were affected by age and experience, and others were not part of the boys' working vocabulary at any age. Error analyses revealed that the pattern of errors in the boys differed from that of adult aphasics. Two error types, semantic and circumlocution, accounted for 82% of the boys' errors whereas three types characterize adult aphasics: semantic, phonemic, and circumlocution. The boys made semantic errors most frequently on age-related items; circumlocution errors were made on items that were not part of their working vocabulary. Suggestions for evaluating aphasic-like errors are presented.
Related Concept Videos
Language Development
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Prosopagnosia
Retrieval
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
The Nativist Approach
Learning Disabilities
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...

