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Related Concept Videos

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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Emotions play a fundamental role in shaping human experience and interactions. The absence of emotions would render life incomplete and fail to capture the essence of human nature. In social psychology, feelings and moods have been extensively studied due to their profound impact on social life and interpersonal relationships. These affective states influence decision-making, behavior, and social perceptions, making them integral to understanding human interactions.Emotions and Social...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Conjunction in the Language of Emotions.

Gregory V Jones1, Maryanne Martin2

  • 1a University of Warwick , UK.

Cognition & Emotion
|October 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The cognitive theory of emotion suggests only one emotion operates at a time. However, research indicates people often prefer definitions allowing for multiple, concurrent emotions, suggesting a need to revise the theory.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Emotional Science

Background:

  • Oatley and Johnson-Laird's cognitive theory of emotion posits five basic emotions.
  • The theory predicts emotion words can be defined as disjunctions of basic emotions.
  • Mixed emotions are defined as disjunctions under this theory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the cognitive theory of emotion's definitions of mixed emotions.
  • To compare disjunctive definitions with conjunctive definitions.
  • To investigate how people define words for mixed emotions.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted.
  • Participants compared disjunctive and conjunctive definitions of emotion words.
  • The explicitness of definitions was varied.

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Main Results:

  • Conjunctive definitions were often preferred over disjunctive ones.
  • Preference for conjunctive definitions increased with explicitness.
  • Findings challenge the theory's exclusivity of single emotional states.

Conclusions:

  • Oatley and Johnson-Laird's theory may require modification.
  • The theory should accommodate the conjunction of emotions.
  • Individuals may experience multiple emotions in parallel.