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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
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Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

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Hepatitis in AIDS patients.

Muhammad Imran Qadir1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

Reviews in Medical Virology
|October 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

HIV patients are prone to hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) coinfections, increasing liver disease risks. This review covers HBV/HCV infections in HIV patients and current treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibit increased susceptibility to coinfections with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV).
  • Common transmission routes for HIV, HCV, and HBV include sexual contact, injection drug use, and perinatal exposure.
  • Liver disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals, a condition exacerbated by HCV and HBV coinfections, even with antiretroviral therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and clinical implications of HBV and HCV coinfections in patients with HIV.
  • To summarize current therapeutic approaches for managing HBV and HCV in the context of HIV infection.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing literature on HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfections.
Keywords:
HIV infectioncoinfectionhepatitis Bhepatitis Cliver diseasevaccination

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  • Information was gathered on transmission, pathogenesis, clinical impact, and treatment strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • HBV and HCV coinfections significantly increase the risk of liver-related complications and mortality in HIV-positive individuals.
    • Effective management of HBV involves nucleos(t)ide analogues.
    • HCV treatment typically involves Pegylated Interferon (PegIFN) and ribavirin, or protease inhibitors.

    Conclusions:

    • Coinfection with HBV and/or HCV presents a substantial challenge in managing HIV patients, impacting liver health and overall prognosis.
    • Antiviral therapies are crucial for managing these coinfections, improving outcomes for coinfected individuals.
    • Further research and integrated treatment strategies are needed for optimal patient care.