Concentration Endurance Test (d2): Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Area of Science:

• Neuropsychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Cognitive Science

Background:

• The Concentration Endurance Test (d2) is a widely used measure of sustained attention.
• Normative data is essential for accurate interpretation of cognitive tests in diverse populations.
• Existing d2 normative data may not adequately represent Spanish-speaking pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To establish normative data for the d2 test in a large sample of Spanish-speaking children.
• To investigate the influence of demographic factors on d2 performance in this population.
• To provide a valuable resource for neuropsychologists in Latin America and Spain.

Main Methods:

• A cross-sectional study involving 4,373 healthy children from 10 Spanish-speaking countries.
• Participants completed the d2 test as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.
• Normative scores (TN, CR, TP, CP) were derived using multiple linear regressions, controlling for age, sex, and parental education.

Main Results:

• Age significantly impacted all d2 scores, with performance generally increasing with age.
• Age-squared effects were observed in specific regions for certain scores.
• Higher parental education levels correlated with better performance in several regions and scores.
• Sex influenced CP scores in Ecuador and Honduras.

Conclusions:

• This study represents the largest normative dataset for the d2 test in a Spanish-speaking pediatric cohort globally.
• The generated norms will enhance the accuracy of d2 test interpretation for children in Latin America and Spain.
• This research facilitates more precise neuropsychological assessments in diverse cultural contexts.