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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

An Adipocyte Cell Culture Model to Study the Impact of Protein and Micro-RNA Modulation on Adipocyte Function
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A Functional Interplay between IGF-1 and Adiponectin.

Stefania Orrù1,2, Ersilia Nigro3,4, Annalisa Mandola5,6

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy. orru@uniparthenope.it.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and adiponectin show a functional link, potentially influencing obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Further research is encouraged to explore their combined actions.

Keywords:
adiponectincancercardiovascular diseasediabetesgrowth hormone (GH)heart failureinsulin resistanceinsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)obesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic research
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and adiponectin are key protein hormones.
  • Growing evidence suggests a non-random association between IGF-1 and adiponectin.
  • Their interplay is implicated in various metabolic and non-metabolic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the IGF-1 and adiponectin systems.
  • To explore the functional interplay between IGF-1 and adiponectin.
  • To examine their roles in pathological conditions like obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental evidence.
  • Description of IGF-1 and adiponectin signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of studies investigating their relationship in disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • The IGF-1 and adiponectin systems are distinct but functionally connected.
  • Evidence indicates a significant interplay between these hormones.
  • This interaction is relevant across multiple pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • A functional connection between IGF-1 and adiponectin is strongly suggested.
  • Existing studies, despite variability, confirm this link.
  • Further investigation into their concerted mechanisms is warranted.