Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force

26.1K
One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
However, if two systems are in contact and are stationary relative to one...
26.1K
Lift01:23

Lift

575
Lift is a fundamental aerodynamic force that acts perpendicular to the direction of airflow. It plays a central role in achieving and sustaining flight and in stabilizing various vehicles. Lift primarily originates from pressure differences created across surfaces, such as an airfoil. A lower pressure region forms above the wing, while a higher pressure region forms below it, generating an upward force. This differential results from the shape and orientation of the airfoil, enabling the wing...
575
Vector Addition of Forces01:23

Vector Addition of Forces

5.9K
When understanding the effects of multiple forces acting on an object, vector addition is a crucial concept to grasp. This mathematical concept can be used to calculate the net force acting on an object when two or more forces are involved.
To understand the concept of vector addition, consider the scenario of a ship being pulled by two small tugboats. The two forces, F1 and F2, act concurrently on the ship in different directions. The parallelogram law can be used to calculate the net force...
5.9K
Work and Energy for Variable Forces01:10

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

5.9K
When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared to when a constant force is applied. Work is the product of force and displacement, while energy is the capacity of a system to do work. When a constant force is applied to an object, the work done can be calculated as the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. However, when a variable force is applied, the...
5.9K
Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving01:30

Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving

1.8K
Free-body diagrams are essential tools for physicists and engineers studying the motion of objects. Free-body diagrams are graphical representations of the object or system under consideration, and they focus solely on the essential forces acting on the object. This tool helps break down complex problems into simpler models that are easier to understand and solve.
For example, consider a block with a mass of 10 kg released on an inclined plane at an angle of 30° to the horizontal, where...
1.8K
Work Done by Many Forces01:03

Work Done by Many Forces

5.9K
The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done by each force is first calculated. Then, those values are summed algebraically to calculate the total work done by all the forces. In the second method, the net force is first calculated by a vector sum of all the forces. Then, the work done by this force is obtained.
Since forces perpendicular to the displacement do no work, they do not...
5.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Barbaloin Alleviates Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Dual-Targeting IL-6 and PNP.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Metabolomic profiling of exhaled breath condensate identifies a novel biomarker panel for detecting thyroid and breast cancer.

Discover oncology·2026
Same author

Application of untargeted plasma metabolomics and machine learning to construct a diagnostic model for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case-control study.

Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society·2026
Same author

Correction: Uncovering the molecular basis of high morphinan product efficiency in opium poppy through Multi-omics integrated analysis with multi-capsules.

Plant molecular biology·2026
Same author

The risk of radiation necrosis from combined radiotherapy and BRAF inhibitor in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases: a comprehensive review and future perspectives.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Uncovering the molecular basis of high morphinan product efficiency in opium poppy through Multi-omics integrated analysis with multi-capsules.

Plant molecular biology·2026
Same journal

Evolution of quantitative traits: exploring the ecological, social and genetic bases of adaptive polymorphism.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same journal

The male-biased sex ratio in humans and its role in the transition from promiscuity to pair bonding.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same journal

Quantifying the counter-intuitive effects of vaccination by coupling the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and the evolution of human behaviors.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same journal

An integrative model of FGF2-induced signaling and muscle cell proliferation.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same journal

A hybrid reaction-diffusion and mechanical stimulus model for mandibular bone remodeling under chewing and vibratory loading.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same journal

Integrated tick management strategies in fragmented peridomestic environments.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight
12:09

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Published on: March 10, 2021

3.5K

The added mass forces in insect flapping wings.

Longgui Liu1, Mao Sun1

  • 1Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Beijing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|October 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Added mass forces significantly impact insect flapping wing aerodynamics, especially near stroke reversals. Simple two-dimensional (2D) methods offer reasonable accuracy for estimating these forces, even for smaller insect wings.

Keywords:
Insect aerodynamicsThree-dimensional added mass methodTwo-dimensional added mass method

More Related Videos

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring
19:14

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Published on: July 12, 2014

15.1K
Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata
10:17

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

Published on: September 2, 2016

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight
12:09

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Published on: March 10, 2021

3.5K
Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring
19:14

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Published on: July 12, 2014

15.1K
Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata
10:17

Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle Mercynorrhina torquata

Published on: September 2, 2016

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Aerodynamics
  • Bio-inspired engineering
  • Insect flight mechanics

Background:

  • Insect flight relies on complex aerodynamic forces, including added mass.
  • Simplified models are often used to study insect flight aerodynamics.
  • The accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) methods for three-dimensional (3D) flapping wings is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of added mass forces in 3D insect flapping wings.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of the commonly used 2D method for calculating added mass forces.
  • To determine the influence of wing aspect ratio on added mass force calculation errors.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated added mass forces using both 3D and 2D methods.
  • Determined total aerodynamic forces via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
  • Analyzed the impact of stroke amplitude and wing aspect ratio.

Main Results:

  • Added mass forces significantly contribute to total aerodynamic force during stroke reversals.
  • Smaller stroke amplitudes result in larger relative added mass forces.
  • The 2D method shows reasonable accuracy, with errors below 9% for aspect ratios > 3.3 and below 13% for aspect ratios as low as 2.8.

Conclusions:

  • Added mass forces are crucial for accurate aerodynamic estimations in flapping wing flight, particularly for insects with small stroke amplitudes.
  • The simple 2D method provides acceptable accuracy for added mass force calculations in insect flight.
  • Neglecting added mass forces in simplified models can lead to significant inaccuracies, especially for insects with low aspect ratio wings.