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Examining spatial patterns of selection and use for an altered predator guild.

Matthew A Mumma1, Joseph D Holbrook2, Nathaniel D Rayl3

  • 1Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada. matt.mumma@unbc.ca.

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Summary

Coyotes in Newfoundland did not cause avoidance by red foxes, suggesting spatial partitioning. However, Canada lynx did avoid coyotes, indicating complex interspecific competition dynamics in this ecosystem.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Wildlife Conservation
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Anthropogenic disturbances alter species distributions, influencing interspecific interactions.
  • Interference competition occurs when one species denies another access to resources, potentially creating a 'landscape of fear' for subordinate species.
  • Alternatively, subordinates may exhibit exploitative competition, outcompeting dominant species in resource-poor environments through superior resource extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the 'landscape of fear' hypothesis regarding spatial predictions for a carnivore guild in Newfoundland, Canada.
  • To investigate the impact of recent coyote immigration on the space-use of native carnivores: red foxes, Canada lynx, and black bears.
  • To determine if subordinate species avoid areas used by the dominant competitor (coyotes) or if exploitative competition is more prevalent.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized scat-detecting dogs and genetic analysis to identify and locate predator scats.
  • Constructed resource selection functions to model species' habitat use.
  • Incorporated predicted selection values of alternative species into models to test for avoidance behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Found multiple negative relationships between species' space-use, indicating some level of interaction.
  • Red foxes did not exhibit avoidance of areas selected by coyotes.
  • Canada lynx showed avoidance of coyotes, but this relationship was reciprocal, suggesting spatial partitioning rather than simple avoidance.

Conclusions:

  • Observed spatial patterns suggest resource partitioning among carnivores in Newfoundland, rather than widespread coyote avoidance by subordinate species.
  • Avoidance may occur at different spatial or temporal scales not captured by this study.
  • Newfoundland's harsh environmental conditions may favor exploitative competition over interference competition, influencing predator-prey dynamics.