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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Transition to adulthood with a bladder augmentation: histopathologic concerns.

Emil Mammadov1, Sergulen Dervisoglu2, Mehmet Elicevik3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Near East University Medical Faculty, Turkey.

International Braz J Urol : Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
|October 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histopathologic evaluation of bladder augmentation patients revealed inflammation and metaplasia in native bladder tissues. Surgeons must remain vigilant for potential malignancy development despite its absence in this study.

Keywords:
NeoplasmsPediatricsUrinary Bladder

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Bladder augmentation is a complex procedure for various urologic conditions.
  • Understanding long-term histopathologic changes is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate histopathologic changes in native bladder and augmented gastrointestinal segments.
  • To explore the relationship between these changes, surgical techniques, and time post-operation.

Main Methods:

  • Histopathologic evaluation of cystoscopic mucosal biopsies from 20 patients.
  • Analysis of biopsies from both native bladder and enteric augment.

Main Results:

  • Inflammation (active or chronic) was prevalent in most specimens.
  • Metaplastic changes (squamous and intestinal) were observed in 3 patients' native bladders.
  • Ileocystoplasty and sigmoidocystoplasty were used in patients with metaplasia; no malignancies were detected.

Conclusions:

  • While malignancy was not found, the complexity of bladder augmentation warrants awareness of potential complications.
  • Surgeons should consider the possibility of malignancy development due to the challenging nature of augmentation procedures.