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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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OVERVIEW OF NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS IN JET FUSION DEVICE.

P Batistoni1, R Villari1, B Obryk2

  • 1ENEA, Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, I-00044 Frascati (Rome) & I- 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|October 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are validating neutron measurement techniques and numerical tools for the ITER fusion reactor using experiments at JET. This work aims to reduce uncertainties and risks in fusion power plant design and operation.

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Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy Research

Background:

  • ITER requires advanced neutron measurement techniques and numerical tools for accurate fusion power and radiation field determination.
  • Complex reactor geometry and deep radiation penetration pose significant challenges for nuclear analyses in fusion power plant design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate neutronics measurement methods and numerical tools essential for ITER and future fusion power plant design.
  • To reduce uncertainties and operational risks associated with fusion reactor design and safety assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting experimental activities at the Joint European Torus (JET).
  • Utilizing unique 14 MeV neutron yields from a proposed 2019 deuterium-tritium campaign at JET.
  • Validating measurement techniques, computational codes, procedures, and nuclear data.

Main Results:

  • Experimental validation of neutronics methods and tools for ITER.
  • Improved accuracy in predicting fusion power and radiation fields.
  • Reduced uncertainties in nuclear analyses for fusion reactor design.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental validation at JET is crucial for the successful design and operation of ITER.
  • The proposed deuterium-tritium campaign will significantly enhance the reliability of fusion reactor design tools.
  • This research directly contributes to mitigating risks in fusion energy development.