Lipopolysaccharides in a traditional pertussis vaccine

Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) in cell sonicates of four Danish vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis (3803, 3825, 3843 and 3860) and of purified strain 3803 LPS in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by silver staining, showed identical profiles. The LPS profile revealed a dominant, brownish LPS II band and a minor, faster-migrating, black-stained LPS I band. However, the ratio of LPS I to LPS II in the preparation of purified LPS differed slightly from the cell sonicates. Using marker LPS, the molecular weights of LPS I and LPS II were estimated at 5.4 and 6.0 kD, respectively. Seven different lots of whole cell pertussis vaccine were assayed for LPS in the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test and were found to contain 0.9-2.8 micrograms LPS/ml. No significant difference in the content of LPS in similar dilutions of the individual strains was observed. In addition, the distribution of free and cell-bound LPS in four pertussis vaccines was investigated. Most of the LPS was found to exist as free LPS. During several months, the course of both LPS and pertussis toxin (Pt) release in freshly killed B. pertussis preparations was followed. In the first few weeks, 35-50% of the LPS was released and after 5-6 months of storage 60-80% had been released. In contrast, less than 10% of the biologically active pertussis toxin was released during the experimental period. The possibility of producing a safer whole cell pertussis vaccine by reducing the amount of free LPS without reducing the protective value correspondingly is discussed.